Geology is largely referred to as the study of the earth. It also studies materials which make up the earth, how those materials are structured and the processes and the forces that act on them. It also includes the study of the organisms that have inhabited the earth.

One of the parts about geology that is most important is how the earth’s materials, organisms, processes and structures have slowly changed over time. This is the underlying definition of geology that it is crucial for one to understand before delving into the important work of geologists. These people known as geologists do work that not just any person can agree to doing. They should be appreciated very much.

The first importance of geologists is that they help in locating mineral resources, and water supplies. We all know that water is important for life and that means it is rather impossible to survive without it. There are some people who live in places where there is no water supply. This is a part where geologists come into play because they will study the ground and discover which place has water so that people can survive.

They also locate minerals which help to add to a country’s economic wealth. Without these people we would not have known that some minerals existed. Secondly, geologists help in predicting some vagaries of nature that happen in the earth thus helping us to be cautious. They play an important role in predicting models of volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunami activities. This is a crucial point because they are more or less keeping us protected and safe against these things because when they observe that it is going to happen, they can warn people early enough.

The third important work of geologists is that their daily studies add fundamental knowledge to various disciplines, for example, the field of planetary sciences. They give us information on understanding the earth in deeper levels. Geologists do a commendable job because they help in determining the placement of buildings. They will do a study of an area and tell whether it is safe to put up a building construction or not. There are some people who just start building without determining the safety of an area first of all. This is risky because the building might collapse and cause the death of many people. The knowledge of minerals and rocks, erosion control, and the avoidance of landslides are some of the things that geologists focus their attention on. They help in the prediction of our safety against nature. They also do a good job in determining the planetary histories, volcano and earthquake predictions. If you thought the work of geologists is not that important, think twice.

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There are many benefits that come about with the issue of mining and geology. Have you ever asked yourself what would happen if you did not know that an earthquake was coming? Most of us would have been caught unawares and perish because of the mass destruction that would be experienced. This is one of the areas where geology has really helped humans. The prevention of natural calamity.

Mining in the geological field is also very important. Geological mining has enabled us to learn the structure of the earth. Who would have known the different layers of the earth if not for mining and geology? Who would have known that there are some reactions happening in the inner core of the earth? Probably nobody would have known this.

The other important aspect of these two activities is that they have made humans realize that there are minerals in the earth that have really helped in the industrialization process. Mining and geology have really helped in the discovering of minerals like oil. Oil is an important resource in the industries and in the moving of machines and vehicles. It is a vital material that is making all the industrialization processes take place.

There has also been the discovery of other mineral stones that are valuable like gold and diamond and other gems. These are minerals that add on to the economic value of the country. They are major trading items that bring about money when sold to other nations. This has happened thanks to the fact that geologists have been deeply involved in mining that has led to the realization of these important stones.

Mining and geology is also the primary livelihood ofmany people. There are people who are actually having a career out of geology and mining that are really helping their families to survive. There are very many careers in mining and geology that one can be involved in. There are many job roles from miners to technical specialists. They determine an area that should be mined. They are the ones doing the studies and research of the earth in detail. Whoever said that mining and geology were environmental hazards, were very wrong. Looking at the above reasons, they only build and not destroy.

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Perhaps everyone has at least a general idea of what geology is — the study of the earth’s rocks, minerals and the entire physical structure of the earth – but what is economic geology?

Economic geology is an exciting and challenging profession which focuses on the study of the monetary value of those substances which power the industrial world – iron ore, gold, petroleum deposits, natural gas, copper, bauxite, tin – you name it, if it has economic value, an economic geologist is interested in the study of it.

Most economic geologists begin their careers with an undergraduate degree in geology, and then move on to complete graduate level work in economic geology. A thorough scientific understanding of everything that can be found on the earth’s surface and that which lies deep beneath it is important. The economic geologist strives to put it all together in a framework so that plans can be made to exploit what is valuable.

A study of business and finance goes along with learning the science of geology. Economic geologists are often brought in to determine if a new discovery of, say, an area bearing potentially large amounts of iron ore can be developed in a way that is economically feasible. They also work as analysts of the commodity markets made up of anything that can be mined, drilled or extracted from the earth.

One can safely say there are three broad areas of economic geology: Ore geology, coal and petroleum geology and mineral resources. But one might also include categories for exploration geology, development geology, mining geology and environmental geology. An economic geologist might easily find himself or herself working for one of the major oil companies, such as Exxon-Mobile, or for a government agency charged with regulating those industries which seek to develop natural resources. An economic geologist might also work for an environmental group – or even work as a journalist reporting on what is going on in the world of mining or oil exploration.

Investment bankers have a keen interest in the field of economic geology. Investors rely heavily on the knowledge of economic geologists to make decisions on what projects to back, or which might be too risky to get involved with. An economic geologist can have superior insight into whether a particular strike of copper, for example, may have a bright future, or if it seems like a risky proposition because of all geological considerations involved.

The pay scale for economic geologists is generally attractive. The average pay for this field is $62,000 per year. They earn about $10,000 more per year on average than an “ordinary” geologist. Some economic geologists who choose to work as private consultants have been known to earn six-figure incomes. No doubt, you have to be smart, good at science and comfortable with numbers to be successful in this career. Economic geologists not only need to know their rocks, so to speak, but they must also possess an excellent acumen for business and finance. The best economic geologists are worth their weight in gold – or precious metals.

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Pick a destination

Where you are visiting depends on the goal and objectives of the field trip. In the case of students, the destination will depend on the class you are teaching. Do your research to determine what field trips would best suited to your class or the goal and the objectives of the trip. It’s very important to include the needs of the group that is going for the trip in deciding where to go.

Ask them where they would like to visit and what they would like to explore and learn. You can also ask them to decide on the goals and objectives of the field trip. This process should come a few weeks before the actual day of the field trip.

Contact field trip destination (s)

Once you and your group have decided on a potential field trip, it always good to contact the field trip destination (s) for information about what their particular field trip offers and whether they can accommodate your group. Ask for all available information about that destination. If the destination is close by, you can tour the place and get a clear idea of how it is set up in advance. This helps you to plan for the trip more efficiently.

Compile information on destination (s)

Compile as much information as possible about a potential field trip destination in order to make an informed choice. Collect fliers, maps, contact numbers and addresses, schedule of events and brochures. The Schedule of events should include times, dates, directions and locations. This helps in planning for the weather, distance between you and the destination, the best roads to use and much more.

Estimate the costs and prepare a budget

If funds for the trip are available you can go ahead and draft a budget that comprehensively caters for the whole field trip. If there are no funds available, then one of the fundamental questions to ask yourself is; where will the funds to pay for the trip come from? Several options are available to raise funds, for example, you can organize a fund raiser or look for a sponsor such as sport teams or a band. You can also minimize costs in field trips. One great way is by visiting websites that offer free field trips, but still there will be costs involved in bus operations to and from the facility. You can also cut costs by planning for a field trip destination near you.

Assign chaperons

If it is a high school or elementary school field trip, it’s good to assign chaperons. Parents can be chaperons. You can also use the services of class leaders or students who have demonstrated exceptional supervisory experience and excellent grades. You can also enlist the services of teachers from other classes. A few security guards may be needed; and the bus driver can also act as a chaperon. You should note that training is very important for everybody who will be enlisted as a chaperon.

In conclusion, a successful geology field trip requires a lot of planning and organization. A good plan with comprehensive goals and objectives will assure that your geology field trip will be a trip to remember for all participants in along time to come.

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There are five stages of mineral exploration:

Area selection

Selection of the best areas in mineral fields or geological regions is the most crucial step in mineral exploration. This makes it not only possible to find mineral ore deposits, but to find them easily, quickly and cheaply. Selection of an area requires the application of theories behind ore genesis, the knowledge of known ore occurrences and methods of their formation, to determine the possible areas where a particular ore deposit being sought may be found.

Most of the time, new styles of ore deposits may be found which expose opportunities to find look-alike deposits in rocks or places previously thought barren.  This process may apply basin modeling, petrology, structural geology and a host of other disciplines to make predictions and draw parallels between the known ore deposits and their physical forms and the unknown potential of locating a look-alike within the chosen area.
Area selection is also influenced by the mineral being sought; areas which are prospective for iron may not be prospective for oil or other commodities exploration. Area selection may also be influenced by previous studies or finds, availability of infrastructure, tariff systems, or the financial and the taxation incentives of the individual country.  The result of an area selection process is the pegging of tenements (exploration licenses).

Target generation

Target generation involves examination of the geology via geophysics, mapping and conducting comprehensive geochemical or geophysical testing of the surface and sub- surface geology. Areas covered by soil and platform cover may require drilling as a mechanism for generating targets.

Methods used for generating targets include:

• Geophysical methods: Geophysical instruments are used in gathering geological data which is used in the exploration of minerals. These instruments are used to check for variations in magnetism, gravity, electromagnetism, radioactivity and other numerous variables in a selected area. The most widespread method of gathering geophysical data is by flying airborne geophysics.

• Remote sensing: Aerial photography is used in examining mineral exploration agreements. It provides the explorer with information on the location of tracks, roads, vegetation cover and habitation across the whole region. Satellite based spectroscopes are used in mapping minerals and alteration directly where there is no vegetation cover.

• Geochemical methods: The presence of certain chemical elements may signify the presence of a certain mineral. Chemical analysis of plants and rocks may indicate the existence of an underground ore deposit.

Resource evaluation

This process is used to quantify the grade and tonnage of a mineral ore occurrence. Resource evaluation is achieved by drilling to locate the horizon and lode or strata where the mineral occurs. Resource estimation requires pattern drilling on a set grid or some form of geophysics. The main aim is to generate a density of drilling to satisfy the statutory and economic standards of an ore resource. The level of details required to generate this resource and the stage of extraction depends on the size of the deposit, availability of finance and the structure of the company involved.  A scooping study is carried out at this stage to determine if there is enough ore to warrant extraction.

Reserve definition

Reserve definition is carried out to convert a mineral resource into an ore reserve. This process is more intensive and technical than resource evaluation and is aimed at quantifying the grade continuity and the tonnage of the ore. Reserve definition also includes the extractability and milling characteristics of the ore. During this process samples of the ore are taken for metallurgical test work, to check for crushability, floatability and other parameters. Reserve definition also involves geotechnical assessments and studies of rocks within and surrounding the ore deposit to determine the potential instabilities of the proposed underground or open pit mining methods. The ultimate aim of reserve definition process is to determine whether the ore deposit is economical to exploit or not.

Extraction

Extraction methods vary from one mineral to another. It’s the work of mining engineers to determine the safest, most efficient and most cost effective method to be used in the extraction of mineral (s) from the ore.

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The REEs include the 15 lanthanide elements: holmium, samarium, europium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, thulium, ytterbium, promethium, neodymium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, erbium, and lutetium plus yttrium and scandium, making 17 REEs in total.

In the move towards a more low-carbon economy, digital and renewable energy technologies rely heavily on metals which, just 10 years ago, would have been of little interest to industry. Today, these elements are ubiquitous, being used widely in flat screens, wind turbines, electric cars, rechargeable batteries and many other technologies including smart mobile devices. Without REEs defence technologies would become inoperable.
For example mobile phones embrace the use of these technology metals, with indium in the screen,  REEs in the circuitry and lithium batteries. With around a billion mobile phones being made every year, the volume of REEs required is astonishing and with demand growing at 20% per annum control of the supply of these materials has become of major political and financial interest.
Internal and external strife, geopolitics, accidents, and the length of time between the discovery of a resource and it being extracted efficiently can threaten the supply of the metals on which modern technology relies. The actions of some countries with monopolies make these issues especially important.
China for example, produces 97% of all rare earth elements (REEs), including neodymium and scandium. The growth of industrialization in China and the importance of REEs therein have led to the prioritization of domestic markets by way of rising export taxes and reducing export quotas.  Reduced supply of these metals causes concerns in countries which have industries dependent upon REES.
Fortunately there are many more locations on Earth where it is becoming economic to mine these critical metals, including Southern Africa, Australia, Brazil, and Greenland. In the US, mines once considered uneconomical and closed down are being rapidly reopened. Once in production the effect will be to remove the monopoly of current suppliers.
Greenland and in particular the  Kvanefjeld Plateau is a case in point. Covered by an ice shield the area was first surveyed by Danish scientists in the 1970s and uranium was defined but other metals remained undiscovered. Licencing issues and environmental concerns delayed further serious exploration until 2006 but now Kvanefjeld is recognised as one of the world’s largest undeveloped resources of rare earth elements and uranium. The ores are also strongly enriched in zinc and sodium fluoride.

Cost of production remains an issue, as always, but access to deep water fjords for port facilities and extensive hydroelectricity are helpful factors.  Improved beneficiation, the process of crushing and separating ore into valuable substances, opens the opportunity for further reductions in the capacity and cost of the REE leach circuit. Reaching the production stage will take another two years but the field has an estimated life of 40 years.

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Minerals are natural, inorganic solids that were developed through a specific chemical formula. Some common examples are limestone, diamond and granite.  Petroleum is not considered a mineral because it is an organic natural substance. Mineral wealth is the natural formation or occurrence of rocks, minerals and chemical compounds that are viable for economic exploitation. Some examples include oil, gas, coal, salt, and precious stones.

Today, the basis of geology depends heavily on the world’s demand for energy. This energy supply is directly controlled by the abundance of mineral wealth needed to accommodate demand. The commercial demand for precious stones and metals has also impacted the world of geology. Therefore, let’s look at the growth of the economy and its affluent industries, and how exactly mineral wealth and innovations in geology support the two.

Geology uses a number of methods to study the earth and the minerals that lie within it. Some methods include seismic surveys, geological mapping, and stratigraphy. These methods help to locate hydrocarbons, ground water and biochemical pathways. More innovations in geology would allow for greater accuracy in locating minerals thus higher production levels that give wealth to economies.

I would say the oil industry has the closest relationship to geology. The industry factors are due to the very nature of oil exploration and the fact that petroleum is stored within the earth’s surface. Therefore, the industry depends on geological data to locate petroleum deposits, pipeline networks and field maintenance.

Oil exploration utilizes a wide range of geological innovations. The basic terms used in petroleum evaluation are gross rock volume, porosity, hydrocarbon saturation and a long list of others. All these factors are determined and monitored by petroleum geologists, thus you can understand the importance of geology in oil exploration.

Pipeline networks and field maintenance mainly utilizes geographical information science. GIS is a system designed to capture, store, analyze, manage and present geological data .This data is used to make informed decisions on day by day basis. Underground pipelines demand accurate and precise information thus the industry standard is to rely on enterprise GIS. A new standard is the use of mobile GIS that further allows the management of enterprise databases within an organization. The mobile GIS integrate the global navigation satellite system, hand held computers (field workers) and GIS software.

Now let me demonstrate the importance of GIS and mineral wealth to economies. Australian iron exports account for 15% of GDP - some 30 billion dollars. The force that pulled Australia out of the recession was the export of iron (base constituent of steel) for the production of cars.  A great number of studies and geological assessments were carried out to determine the vitality of the industry. One hundred thousand tons is pulled from the earth daily. It was found that the supply of iron ore can last for 40 years at this staggering pace. Obviously the studies and measuring of the earth’s surface needs some crazy equipment. These types of situations push geological innovation whilst also helping industries.

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What do geologists do in real life?

The possibilities have no borders in this environment. The scientific work of geologists involves many important discoveries and researches in the areas of the prediction of the behavior of Earth’s conditions, location of the necessary natural resources as drinking water, petroleum, and metals.

What Is Geology?

Studying the soils and finding ways of its conservation, protection of the water supply, lowering the risk of the loss on human lives and their belongings caused by hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, eruptions, volcanoes and other dangerous natural disasters, and observation of natural calamities. Finding the way of how to reduce the negative footprint caused by people and their reckless activities; researching the land and weather conditions for the architectural base needed when the roads and buildings are projected; and many other opportunities.

Geologists will hardly ever be bored in their work environment. There are also plenty of specialty areas in geology fields such as paleontology, mineralogy, hydrology, and volcanology. Also after having a bachelors degree in geology, students can narrow their studies and find their passion in one of the specialty fields such as petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, mining, environmental educations, environmental law, and environmental consulting. The possibilities are endless.

They can be also become writers, editors, museum workers, and so on. The work place of geologists can vary depending on the character of his/her projects and can be anywhere from working in a lab, classroom, office, natural resource companies, environmental consulting companies, government agencies, universities but also field work which can be anywhere from mine fields, dry deserts, peaks of the mountains, unpredictable caves, urban areas, tropical forests, or the ocean floor.

What are the steps to become a successful geologist?

The minimum is a four-year college degree in geology. The students should have an interest in math, science, writing, computers, geography, and communications. After a four-year degree, the students can continue to study geology or can choose their specialty area and can earn the master’s and/or the doctorate degrees. There are hundreds of universities around the globe which offer geology programs. The best known are the Curtin University of Technology (Australia), University of Southampton (UK), University of Lausanne (Switzerland), Queen College-City University of New York (US), and University of Otago (New Zealand).

If you are still not convinced about this career field, think about the world economic crises that are the worst since the crises after World Word II. The number of jobs needed in geology fields is much higher than the availability of graduate students in the next few years. In addition, the starting salary ranges from $50,000 to $100,000 per year.

Not bad for the graduate?

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Rasping surfaces are constructed in programs with various polygons that correspond to the different structures and surfaces. These geological models are built using polygonal modeling using a shell fabric to create a triangulated surface that is in specific area. 3D geological modeling includes many other aspects of the region, including, digenesis, structural geology, sedimentology and pale climatology.

These models are used to design any problems you may encounter, as well as potential weaknesses in the crust, which may cause difficulty. If an accident happens, the 3D model allows engineers to define the action of the different outcomes that may occur.

A full range of reservoir characterization of the modules include the ability to produce good correlation between the panels, and performs the traditional methods of mapping and 3D reservoir modeling and design, perfectly integrated into the simulation. Editor tool workflows automate the models and hot fixes, reducing cycle times and maximizing the efficiency of the project.

3D geological models can also be used to complete the calculations used in geostatistics. Several times, geologists are unable to calculate what is in the rock or the crust in some areas and it is therefore important to have software to calculate these variables. This data is not available on regular networks and should be evaluated.

The existing geological 3D modeling systems rely heavily on a large amount of well data, cross-sectional. However, it is well known that the geological data available is usually sparse and under sampled. In this paper, there is a proposal method of progressive refinement for 3D modeling of multi-source data integration. The method, of course, simulates the geological structures of geological data available, whether it’s sufficient or not.

3D models are learning tools in all businesses. Through the use of 3D models and 3D visualization, we are able to create concepts that can be easily learned by visual or tactile learners. The progressive refinement of more data and methods that increase the accuracy of 3D models is gradual and effective. In addition, the mechanisms used in the method for organizing and manipulating information to make an impact on the important thought of geologists is the interpretation of geological data and the method of 3D modeling.

3D modeling can be an effective way to understand geology. The process allows you to check the validity of geological assumptions or hypotheses Geoscientists in the project area have come up with and provides a mechanism to strengthen the existing data. 3D models also highlight gaps in knowledge and information within the project area.

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Petroleum is king among all fuels used by man. Aptly known as black liquid gold, it is critical to the effective operation of many industries so much so that its absence will mean the collapse of industrial civilization as we know it today. It is then no wonder that blood, sweat and tears have been poured into its exploration and exploitation since its discovery 5,000 years ago.

As we all know by now, petroleum is the naturally-occurring black flammable liquid contained in rock formations. Its molecular structure mainly consists of hydrocarbons with varying molecular weights and smaller amounts of organic compounds. In its unrefined state, petroleum was used to keep fires ablaze in homes as well as used in warfare for destruction.

Petroleum and its by-products’ importance in the world economy was characterized by slow development. Although it was used by man five millennia ago, the dominant fuel sources were whale oil, wood and coal until well into the 20th century. Its use was limited to a few applications in homes and offices.

And then came along the discovery of the extraction process whereby kerosene can be made from crude oil, which changed the game since kerosene was used for lighting, heating and cooking purposes. Other factors that led to the high demand for petroleum were the invention of the internal combustion engine, the increased use for plastic and the rise of commercial flight. Petroleum was soon in demand such that it is the most valuable commodity in the world market today.

Just how important is petroleum oil to living a modern lifestyle? Think about this: Approximately 90% of vehicular fuel needs come from petroleum oil with the rest distributed to solar power and other sources. You will be unable to get to your destination in the manner you were accustomed to if and when oil is absent in public transportation systems and in gas stations for your private vehicle.

Think about this as well: Petroleum provides 40% of the total energy consumption of Americans although only 1% is used for electricity generation. (Coal is the fuel of choice at 90%) If and when petroleum runs out, our lives as we know it will drastically change as well.

This critical importance in human society has given rise to geopolitics wherein each nation guards its vested interests against another nation. Many wars have been fought and even continue to be fought in the name of petroleum although not all of these wars necessarily involve armed conflict.

But those that do involve armed conflict take a toll on the people and the land, of which the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait was the most recent in memory. Other wars may be fought in boardrooms, trading floors and throne rooms of the small and big players of the petroleum industry.

Even the US government provides for a heavy public subsidy to support the petroleum industry along with major tax breaks on virtually all stages of the operation, all in the interest of keeping its oil reserves virtually untouchable by another oil crisis. The top oil-producing countries have banded together to protect their own interests, thus, producing an oligarchy.

And these instances illustrate the importance of petroleum to society.

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